a. Attempts in late 1800's with commercial development successful in
late 1930's and early 1940's.
b. Method
1) Powdered ingredients mixed with flux in
platinum crucible.
2) May have seed crystal.
3) Flux has a lower melting point and becomes a
powerful solvent for the other ingredients, causing them to melt.
4) Cooling and evaporation causes
crystallization of individual crystal in clusters.
5) Most natural appearance of the synthetics.
6) Takes up to one year.
c. Characteristic Inclusions
1) Flux inclusions in wispy veils, globules,
drippy icicles.
2) Platelets - platinum flakes.
3) Fingerprints - healed fractures.
4) Straight growth zoning--indicates gemstone
cut from a well-developed single crystal (also occurs in natural
gemstones).
5) Included seed crystals.
d. Materials Synthesized (expensive)
1) Synthetic corundum.
2) Synthetic emerald.
3) Synthetic alexandrite.
4) YAG |
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GGG (gadolinium-gallium garnet),
EGG (europium-gallium garnet), SGG (samarium-gallium garnet),
YIG (yttrium-iron garnet)
1 .
GGG colorless;
2. GGG red - pomegranate (Mn);
3. EGG lilac - ametyst (Nd);
4. EGG green - chrysolite (cr)
5. GGG green - emerald (?);
6. GGG bluish-green - green zircon (?);
7. GGG blue - indigo (Co,Ti);
8. GGG red + green, watermelon tourmaline alike, (?);
9. GGG red + blue, watermelon tourmaline alike, (?);
10. EGG greenish - yellow - peridot (Co);
11. SGG yellow - yellow topaz (no additional metals);
12. SGG yellow - amber,brandy (Fe);
13.YIG black (no additional metals)
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