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7. ÇÕ¼º°ú À¯»ç ¿ø¼® (Synthetic & Simulant Gemstones)

 A. ¿ë¾îÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ (Terms)

  1. Synthetic:
    man-made material with essentially the same physical, chemical and optical properties as a natural gem (i.e., man-made duplicate).
  2. Simulant :
    a material that imitates the appearance of a gem without duplicating its properties (glass, plastic, etc.).
  3. Imitation :
    marketed as gem look-alikes.
  4. Substitute :
    marketed as gem look-alikes.
  5. Artificial :
    any gem material made by man.
  1. ÇÕ¼º :
    ¹°¸®Àû, È­ÇÐÀû ±×¸®°í ±¤ÇÐÀû ¼ºÁúµéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ º¸¼®°ú ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °°Àº ÀÎÁ¶¹°Áú (Áï, ÀÎÁ¶ÀÇ º¹Á¦¹°)
  2. À¯»ç :
    ±× ¼ºÁúÀº º¹Á¦ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­ º¸¼®ÀÇ ¸ð½À¸¸À» ¸ðÁ¶ÇÑ ¹°Áú (À¯¸®, Ç÷¡½ºÆ½, µîµî)
  3. ¸ðÁ¶ :
    À¯»çÇÑ º¸¼®À¸·Î °Å·¡µÇ´Â °Í
  4. ´ëü :
    À¯»çÇÑ º¸¼®À¸·Î °Å·¡µÇ´Â °Í
  5. ÀÎÁ¶ :
    »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¸µç ¾î¶² º¸¼® ¹°Áú

 º¸¼® ´ë¿ëÇ°º° ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼³¸í

1) ÇÕ¼º °­¿Á (Synthetic Corundum)

2) ÇÕ¼º ÷Á¤¼® (Synthetic Spinel)

3) ÇÕ¼º ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå (Synthetic Diamond)

4) ÇÕ¼º Ãë¿Á (Synthetic Emerald)

5) ÇÕ¼º ´Ü¹é¼®, »êÈ£, û±Ý¼®, ¿Á, ÅÍÅ°¼®°ú ¼®¿µ

6) ÇÕ¼º ±Ý·Ï¼® (Synthetic Alexandrite)

7) À¯¸® (Glass)

8) Å¥ºò ÀúÄڴϾƠ(Cubic Zirconia)

9) ¸ðÀ̻糪ÀÌÆ®(Moissanite), ¾ß±×(YAG), GGG¿Í ½ºÆ®·ÐƼ¿ò ŸÀÌÆ®³×ÀÌÆ® (Strontium Titanite

 B. ÇÕ¼º °øÁ¤°ú Á¦Ç° (Synthetic Processes and Products) :  »ó¼¼ ¹× °ü·Ã ±×¸²  ¢Ñ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ÇØ´ç Ç׸ñ ¼±ÅÃ

  1. Flame Fusion or Verneuil (È­¿° ¿ëÀ¶ ¶Ç´Â Verneuil)

  • Developed late 1800's by Verneuil for growing rubies
  • Materials synthesized (inexpensive) or imitated : Synthetic corundum (star, nonphenomenal varieties), synthetic rutile, synthetic spinel, strontium titanate, garnet , alexandrite, kunzite, topaz, zircon, tourmaline
  • 1800³â´ë ÈÄ¹Ý È«¿Á¼ºÀåÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Verneuil°¡ °³¹ß
  • ÇÕ¼º ¶Ç´Â ¸ðÁ¶µÇ´Â ¹°Áúµé (ºñ½ÎÁö ¾ÊÀ½) : ÇÕ¼º°­¿Á (¼ºÃ¤¿Í ºñÇö»óÀû(ÞªúÞßÚîÜ)ÀÎ Á¾·ùµé), ÇÕ¼º ±ÝÈ«¼®, ÇÕ¼º ÷Á¤¼®, ½ºÆ®·ÐƼ¿ò ŸÀÌÆ®³×ÀÌÆ®, ¼®·ù¼®, ±Ý·Ï¼®, ÄïÀÚÀÌÆ®, Ȳ¿Á, dz½ÅÀÚ¼®, Àü±â¼®
  • Attempts in late 1800's with commercial development successful in late 1930's and early 1940's.
  • Materials Synthesized (expensive) or imitated :  Synthetic corundum, Synthetic emerald, Synthetic alexandrite, YAG, spinel, garnet, GGG (gadolinium-gallium garnet), EGG (europium-gallium garnet), SGG (samarium-gallium garnet), YIG (yttrium-iron garnet), tanzanite
  • 1800´ë ÈĹݿ¡ ½ÃµµµÇ¾î 1930³â´ë ÈĹݰú 1940³â´ë Ãʹݿ¡ »ó¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °³¹ß¼º°ø
  • ÇÕ¼º ¶Ç´Â ¸ðÁ¶µÇ´Â ¹°Áúµé (ºñ½Ó) : ÇÕ¼º °­¿Á, ÇÕ¼º Ãë¿Á, ÇÕ¼º ¾Ë·ºÀéµå¶óÀÌÆ®, ¾ß±×, ÷Á¤¼®, ¼®·ù¼®,  GGG (gadolinium-gallium garnet), EGG (europium-gallium garnet), SGG (samarium-gallium garnet), YIG (yttrium-iron garnet), ÅÄÀú³ªÀÌÆ®

  3. Czochralski or Pulling Method (Czochralski ¶Ç´Â ÀÎÃâ¹æ¹ý)

  • Developed in 1918 by Czochralski
  • Materials synthesized (inexpensive) or imitated : Forsterite, tanzanite, alexandrite (chrysoberyl), ruby, padparadscha, diamond, sapphire
  • 1918³â Czochralski°¡ °³¹ß
  • ÇÕ¼º ¶Ç´Â ¸ðÁ¶µÇ´Â ¹°Áúµé (ºñ½ÎÁö ¾ÊÀ½) : °¨¶÷¼®, ÅÄÀú³ªÀÌÆ®, ±Ý·Ï¼®, È«¿Á, ÆеåÆÛ·¯µåÂ÷, ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå, û¿Á

  4. Hydrothermal (¿­¼ö(æðâ©))

  • First successful hydrothermal emerald in 1960
  • Materials synthesized (expensive) or imitated : Synthetic quartz, synthetic emerald, synthetic ruby, red beryl, aquamarine, sapphire, padparadscha, zincite, amethyst, ametrine, citrine, Madeira quartz, smoky quartz
  • 1960³â ¿­¼ö Ãë¿ÁÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î ¼º°ø
  • ÇÕ¼º ¶Ç´Â ¸ðÁ¶µÇ´Â ¹°Áúµé (ºñ½Ó) : ÇÕ¼º ¼®¿µ, ÇÕ¼º Ãë¿Á, ÇÕ¼º È«¿Á, ·¹µå º£·², ³²¿Á, û¿Á, ÆеåÆÛ·¯µåÂ÷, È«¾Æ¿¬¼®, ÀÚ¼öÁ¤, ÀÚȲ¼öÁ¤, Ȳ¼öÁ¤, Madeira ¼®¿µ, ¿¬¼öÁ¤

  5. Skull melt (also hydrothermal) (½ºÄà ¿ëÇØ (¶ÇÇÑ ¿­¼ö))

  • Early 1970's in USSR producing synthetic cubic zirconia (CZ)
  • Material synthesized : Synthetic cubic zirconia (CZ);
  • Imitated :  peridot, heliodor, topaz, citrine, aquamarine, sapphire, Swiss topaz, emerald, Chrysolite, tanzanite, turquoise
  • 1970³â´ë ÃÊ ¼Ò·Ã¿¡¼­ ÇÕ¼º Å¥ºò ÀúÄڴϾÆ(CZ) »ý»ê
  • ÇÕ¼ºµÇ´Â ¹°Áú : ÇÕ¼º Å¥ºò ÀúÄڴϾÆ(CZ)
  • ¸ðÁ¶µÇ´Â ¹°Áú : °¨¶÷¼®, Ç︮¿À´õ, Ȳ¿Á, Ȳ¼öÁ¤, ³²¿Á, û¿Á, ½ºÀ§½º Ȳ¿Á, Ãë¿Á, ±Í°¨¶÷¼®, ÅÄÀú³ªÀÌÆ®, ÅÍÅ°¼®

  6. Synthetic opal (ÇÕ¼º ´Ü¹é¼®)

  • Materials made : Synthetic turquoise, imitation lapis lazuli, imitation coral
  • ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¹°Áú : ÇÕ¼º ÅÍÅ°¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ û±Ý¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ »êÈ£

  7. Ceramic technique (¼­·¡¹Í ±â¹ý)

  • Materials made : Synthetic turquoise, imitation lapis lazuli, Imitation coral
  • ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¹°Áú : ÇÕ¼º ÅÍÅ°¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ û±Ý¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ »êÈ£ 

  8. Floating Point Method

  • Materials made : Synthetic turquoise, imitation lapis lazuli, Imitation coral
  • ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¹°Áú : ÇÕ¼º ÅÍÅ°¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ û±Ý¼®, ¸ðÁ¶ »êÈ£ 

  9. ±âŸ (´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå Á¦Á¶)

Blue

Diamond,

 C. ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå¿Í À¯»çÀÇ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ Æ¯¼º (Distinctive Characteristics of Diamonds and Simulant)

 D. À¯»çµéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµé (General Characteristics of Simulants)

 E. À¯»çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í (Description of Simulants)

 F. ÇÕ¼º µ¹µé (Assembled Stones)

1. Doublets

    a. Two pieces of gem material fused together by heat (garnet and glass doublets).

    b. Two pieces of gem material cemented together with a colorless cement (opal doublet).

2. Triplets

    a. Two pieces of gem material cemented together with a colored cement (imparts color to the stone).

    b. Three pieces of gem material cemented together with a colorless cement (opal triplet).

1. ÀÌÁß ºÙÀÓµ¹µé

    a. µÎ °³ÀÇ º¸¼®Àç·á¸¦ ¿­¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÇÔ²² ³ì¿© ºÙÀÓ (¼®·ù¼®°ú À¯¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÁß ºÙÀÓµ¹µé)

    b. µÎ °³ÀÇ º¸¼®Àç·á¸¦ ¹«»öÀÇ Á¢ÇÕÀç·Î ÇÔ²² Á¢ÇÕÇÔ (´Ü¹é¼® ÀÌÁß ºÙÀÓµ¹)

2. »ïÁß ºÙÀÓµ¹µé

    a. µÎ °³ÀÇ º¸¼®Àç·á¸¦ (µ¹¿¡ »öÀ» ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô ÇÏ´Â) À¯»öÀÇ Á¢ÇÕÀç·Î ÇÔ²² Á¢ÇÕÇÔ

    b. ¼¼ °³ÀÇ º¸¼®Àç·á¸¦ ¹«»öÀÇ Á¢ÇÕÀç·Î ÇÔ²² Á¢ÇÕÇÔ (´Ü¹é¼® »ïÁß ºÙÀÓµ¹)

 ¼Õ½¬¿î º¸¼® ÆǺ° (Gem Identification Made Easy) >>> ÇÕ¼º Çüŵé(Synthetic types)

 ¼Õ½¬¿î º¸¼® ÆǺ° (Gem Identification Made Easy) >>> À¯»çµé°ú ¸ðÁ¶ ¿ø¼®µé (Simulants and imitation gemstones)

7. ÇÕ¼º°ú À¯»ç ¿ø¼® (Synthetic & Simulant Gemstones)

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