1)
ÇÕ¼º °¿Á (Synthetic Corundum) |
Synthetic corundum, in the form of synthetic ruby, was the
first gemstone reproduced by artificial techniques. Auguste Victor Louis
Verneuil invented the flame-fusion technique (now know as the Verneuil
method) of melting aluminum oxide and allowing it to recrystallize in a
cone-shaped boule, the color of which can be controlled by the addition of
chemical additives. This material is abundantly and inexpensively created
and used routinely in class rings, birthstone rings, etc. Such material is
rather easy to distinguish from natural material by the presence of curved
growth striations and spherical gas bubbles or by the Plato method, in
which repeated twinning lines appear when the material is immersed in high
R.I. (refractive index) liquid and examined under magnification between
crossed polarized filters.
Other methods of growing synthetic corundum, such as flux-grown,
Czochralski pulled, and hydrothermal methods, produce more realistic
imitations, which are primarily identified by characteristic inclusions.
They are much more expensive than the Verneuil synthetics but considerably
cheaper than the rubies and sapphires that they imitate. |
ÇÕ¼ºÈ«¿ÁÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ÇÕ¼º°¿ÁÀº ù ¹ø° ÀÎÁ¶ ¿ø¼®À̾ú´Ù.
Auguste Victor Verneuil´Â ÇöÀç Verneuil¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø
È¿°¿ëÀ¶(flame-fusion) ±â¹ýÀ» ¹ß¸íÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, »êÈ ¾ó·ç¸Ó³ÑÀ» ³ì¿©¼
¿øÃßÇü»óÀÇ ¿ø¼®À¸·Î Àç°áÁ¤ÈÇÏ´Â ±â¹ýÀ¸·Î, ÈÇР÷°¡À縦 ´õÇÏ¿© »öÀ»
Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Àç·á´Â dzºÎÇÏ¸ç ºñ½ÎÁö ¾ÊÀº °ü°è·Î Á¹¾÷±â³ä¹ÝÁö,
ź»ý¼®¹ÝÁö, µîµî¿¡ ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Àç·á´Â ÀÚ¿¬»êÀÇ Àç·á·ÎºÎÅÍ
½Äº°ÇϱⰡ ´Ù¼Ò ½¬¿îµ¥, °¡´Â °î¼±ÀÇ ¼ºÀå¼±µé°ú ±¸Çü(Ϲû¡)ÀÇ °ø±â °ÅÇ°µé¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ¶Ç´Â Àç·á¸¦ ±¼ÀýÁö¼ö°¡ ³ôÀº ¾×¿¡ ´ã±×°í ¼öÁ÷À¸·Î ±³Â÷µÈ Æí±¤ÇÊÅ͵é
»çÀÌ¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¹èÀ²°æÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§, ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â ½ÖÁ¤¼±µéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂPlato¹æ¹ý¿¡
ÀÇÇؼ ½Äº°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ëÁ¦¼ºÀå, Czochralski ÀÎÃâ¹æ¹ý°ú ¿¼ö¹æ¹ýµé°ú °°Àº ÇÕ¼º°¿Á ¼ºÀå¹æ¹ýµéÀº
´õ¿í ÁøÂ¥ °°Àº ¸ðÁ¶µéÀ» ¸¸µé¸ç, ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ³»Æ÷¹°µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ÁÖ·Î ÆǺ°µÈ´Ù.
±×°ÍµéÀº Verneuil ÇÕ¼ºµéº¸´Ùµµ ÈξÀ ´õ ºñ½ÎÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¸ðÁ¶ÇÏ´Â
È«¿Áµé°ú û¿Áµéº¸´Ù´Â »ó´çÈ÷ ½Î´Ù. |
2)
ÇÕ¼º ÷Á¤¼® (Synthetic Spinel) |
Synthetic spinel is produced by the Verneuil method and is
used most often to imitate stones other than spinel, such as blue sapphire
or aquamarine. It is easily identified by its R.I., spherical gas bubbles,
and characteristic strain lines seen between polarizing filters. It is
quite inexpensive and widely used in inexpensive jewelry. |
ÇÕ¼º ÷Á¤¼®Àº Verneuil¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¸¸µé¾îÁö¸ç ÷Á¤¼®º¸´Ù
û»öÀÇ Ã»¿ÁÀ̳ª ³²¿Á°°ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ µ¹µéÀ» ¸ðÁ¶ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ´õ ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±¼Àý·ü, ±¸ÇüÀÇ °ø±â °ÅÇ°µé°ú Æí±¤ÇÊÅÍµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö Àִ ƯÀ¯ÀÇ
º¯Çü¼±µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ½±°Ô ÆǺ°µÈ´Ù. |
3)
ÇÕ¼º ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå (Synthetic Diamond) |
Synthetic diamond is produced under high pressure and
temperature and, to date, has not been produced at low enough costs to be
used as a natural diamond substitute. However, there are indications that
we may begin to see gem quality synthetic diamonds within the next few
years. Synthetic diamond is used very extensively (two-thirds of the world
production) for industrial purposes as abrasive diamond grit. |
ÇÕ¼º ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå´Â °í¾Ð°ú °í¾ÐÇÏ¿¡¼ ¸¸µé¾îÁö¸ç, ÇöÀç±îÁö,
ÀÚ¿¬»ê ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå¸¦ ´ëüÇÒ ¸¸Å Àú·ÅÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·¯³ª,
¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¸î ³â À̳»¿¡, º¸¼®Ç°ÁúÀÇ ÇÕ¼º ´ÙÀ̾î¸ÕµåµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¦
¡ÈÄµé ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÕ¼º ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå´Â ¿¬¸¶¿ë ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå grit·Î¼
»ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÁÖ ³Î¸® (Àü¼¼°è »ý»ê·®ÀÇ 2/3) »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. |
4)
ÇÕ¼º Ãë¿Á (Synthetic Emerald) |
Synthetic emerald is produced in some abundance by
flux-growth, hydrothermal, and Lechleitner overgrowth methods and sold
under trade names such as Gilson and Chatham. It can sometimes be
difficult to distinguish from its natural counterpart, but the presence of
characteristic inclusions is usually the giveaway. |
ÇÕ¼º Ãë¿ÁÀº ¿ëÁ¦¼ºÀå, ¿¼ö¿Í Lechleitner »óºÎ¼ºÀå ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡
ÀÇÇؼ ´Ù¼Ò dzºÎÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁö¸ç Gilson°ú ChathamÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â »óÇ¥¸íµé·Î
ÆǸŵǾú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬»ê »ó´ë¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇϱⰡ Á¾Á¾ ¾î·ÆÁö¸¸ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ³»Æ÷¹°µéÀÇ Á¸Àç·Î ÀÎÇؼ µå·¯³´Ù. |
5)
ÇÕ¼º ´Ü¹é¼®, »êÈ£, û±Ý¼®, ¿Á, ÅÍÅ°¼®°ú ¼®¿µ |
Synthetic opal, coral, lapis lazuli, jade, turquoise, and
quartz have only in the past few years appeared on the market in fairly
good imitation of the natural material. Microscopic examination usually
reveals their identity. Recently, synthetic amethyst has become very
abundant, mixed into parcels of natural stones; it can usually be detected
by the absence of twinning, but recent improvements in synthesis are
making it more difficult to detect, and the relatively low cost of both
natural and synthetic amethyst makes it prohibitively expensive to do
routine testing of large quantities of amethyst. |
ÇÕ¼º ´Ü¹é¼®, û±Ý¼®, ¿Á, ÅÍÅ°¼®°ú ¼®¿µÀº ÀÚ¿¬»ê Àç·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº ¸ðÁ¶·Î °ú°Å ¼ö³â°£ ½ÃÀå¿¡ µîÀåÇß¾ú´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Çö¹Ì°æ °Ë»ç·Î
±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ã¼°¡ µå·¯³´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡, ÇÕ¼º ÀÚ¼öÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹¾ÆÁ³´Âµ¥, ÀÚ¿¬»êÀÇ
µ¹µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¼¯¿© ¿Â´Ù; ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÖÁ¤ÀÇ ºÎÀç·Î ¾Ë¾Æ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ
ÇÕ¼º±â¹ýÀÇ Çâ»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â°¡ ´õ ¾î·Á¿öÁ³À¸¸ç, ÀÚ¿¬»ê°ú ÇÕ¼º
ÀÚ¼öÁ¤ ¸ðµÎ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Àº °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ, ´ë·®ÀÇ ÀÚ¼öÁ¤À» ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î
½ÃÇèÇϱ⿡´Â ºñ¿ëÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ µç´Ù. |
6)
ÇÕ¼º ±Ý·Ï¼® (Synthetic Alexandrite) |
Synthetic alexandrite has come into the market in greater
abundance in recent years and is produced by the Czochralski or "pulled"
method and by the "floating zone" or "floating point" method. It is more
realistic and more expensive than the cheap color changing Verneuil
corundum that has usually been used as a substitute for alexandrite. |
ÇÕ¼º ±Ý·Ï¼®Àº ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÈξÀ ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÌ ½ÃÀå¿¡ µé¾î¿À°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç
Czochralski ¶Ç´Â ÀÎÃâ¹æ¹ý°ú floating zone ¶Ç´Â floating point¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ
¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±Ý·Ï¼®ÀÇ ´ëü·Î¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø °ª½Ñ »ö
º¯ÈÀÇ Verneuil °¿Áº¸´Ù ´õ ÁøÂ¥ °°À¸¸ç ´õ ºñ½Î´Ù. |
7)
À¯¸® (Glass) |
Glass, by virtue of its wide range of color and low cost,
has been used for centuries to imitate natural gemstones. It is easy to
identify by its R.I., spherical gas bubbles, swirled growth pattens, and
characteristic strain lines seen between crossed polarizing filters. |
À¯¸®´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ö°ú °¡°ÝÀÌ Àú·ÅÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡À¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ ¼ö
¼¼±â°£¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÀÚ¿¬ ¿ø¼®µéÀ» ¸ðÁ¶ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±¼Àý·ü,
±¸ÇüÀÇ °ø±â °ÅÇ°µé, ȸÀüÇÏ´Â ¼ºÀå Çüŵé°ú Æí±¤ÇÊÅÍµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
ƯÀ¯ÀÇ º¯Çü¼±µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ½±°Ô ÆǺ°µÈ´Ù |
8)
Å¥ºò ÀúÄÚ´Ï¾Æ (Cubic Zirconia) |
Cubic zirconia (CZ) is the most widely available diamond
imitation and is produced very inexpensively. It has no close natural
counterpart. CZ is fairly convincing as a diamond substitute but is not
difficult for a trained eye to detect. Thermal "diamond probes" provide
quick and easy separation from diamond. CZ is now produced in a wide
variety of colors and often sold under a variety of company tradenames. |
Å¥ºò ÀúÄÚ´Ï¾Æ (CZ)´Â ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå ¸ðÁ¶·Î °¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç
¾ÆÁÖ Àú·ÅÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÏÄ¡µÇ´Â ÀÚ¿¬»ê »ó´ë¹°ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. CZ´Â
´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå ´ëü¹°·Î¼ ¾ÆÁÖ ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷Àº ½±°Ô ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå ¿ °¨Áö±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå·ÎºÎÅÍ CZ¸¦ ºü¸£°í ½±°Ô
±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. CZ´Â ÇöÀç ´Ù¾çÇÑ »öµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù¾çÇÑ »óÇ¥°¡
ºÙ¿©Á® ÆǸŵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
9)
¸ðÀ̻糪ÀÌÆ®(Moissanite), ¾ß±×(YAG), GGG¿Í ½ºÆ®·ÐƼ¿ò ŸÀÌÆ®³×ÀÌÆ®(Strontium Titanite) |
Moissanite is not yet a familiar name to many buyers, but in
mid-1998 it began to make a huge splash in the gem world as the latest and
greatest diamond simulant. This synthetic silicon carbide crystal was
discovered by a materials scientist at North Carolina State University and
is being developed by C3 and Cree Research. Its natural counterpart has
been found only in meteorites and is deep green, but the synthetic
moissanite is near colorless and will probably fool quite a few jewelers
and jewelry buyers before it becomes better known. Its high refractive
index and extreme hardness (second only to diamond) make it an effective
diamond simulant, and the popular diamond probes that test thermal
conductivity fail to distinguish it from diamond. C3 is also marketing a
new detector that can distinguish between moissanite and diamond, but it
will take some time before many jewelers have it. One way to identify it
is by its double refraction -- look through the stone from several
different angles and you should see double images of facet lines or
objects viewed through the stone. If you look directly through the table,
you're not likely to see the doubling, though, since it's oriented on the
optic axis. Keep your eyes out for this one!
Manmade garnets such as YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) and GGG (gadolinium
gallium garnet) and other materials such as synthetic rutile and strontium
titanate preceded cubic zirconia as diamond simulants but were never very
convincing in that role. With the advent of CZ, their role in the market
has declined considerably. |
¸ðÀ̻糪ÀÌÆ®´Â ¸¹Àº ±¸¸ÅÀڵ鿡°Ô ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Àͼ÷ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº
À̸§ÀÌÁö¸¸, 1998³â Á߹ݿ¡ ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸®°í ¶Ù¾î³ ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå À¯»ç·Î¼
º¸¼®¼¼°è¿¡ Å« ÈÁ¦°Å¸®°¡ µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºÀÇ ÅºÈ±Ô¼Ò °áÁ¤Àº North
Carolina ÁÖ¸³´ëÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ¼ÒÀçÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, C3¿Í Cree ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡
ÀÇÇؼ °³¹ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬»ê »ó´ë¹°Àº ¿î¼®µé¿¡¼¸¸ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç
£Àº ³ì»öÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÇÕ¼º ¸ðÀ̻糪ÀÌÆ®´Â °ÅÀÇ ¹«»öÀ¸·Î ´õ Àß
¾Ë·ÁÁö±â ÀÌÀü±îÁö´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¸î¸î º¸¼®¾÷ÀÚµé°ú ±¸¸ÅÀÚµéÀ» ¼ÓÀ̱⿡ Àû´çÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ôÀº ±¼Àý·ü°ú ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °æµµ (´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå ¹Ù·Î ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ´Ù)·Î ÀÎÇؼ
È¿°úÀûÀÎ ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå À¯»ç¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ ÀüµµÀ²À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ
´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå ŽÁö±â·Î´Â ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. C3´Â ¶ÇÇÑ
¸ðÀ̻糪ÀÌÆ®¿Í ´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ŽÁö±â¸¦ ÆǸÅÇÏ°í
ÀÖÁö¸¸, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ º¸¼®¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» Áö´Ò ¶§±îÁö´Â ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É¸±
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÆǺ°ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ º¹±¼Àý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀε¥, ¿©·¯
°¢µµ·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¹À» °üÅëÇÏ¿© º¸¸é µ¹À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÆнÃÆ®(facet) ¼±µéÀ̳ª ¹°Ã¼µéÀÇ
ÀÌÁß »óµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Å×À̺íÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© º¸¸é, ÀÌÁß»óÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÒ
¼öµµ Àִµ¥, ±¤ÇÐÀûÀÎ Ãà¿¡ Áß½ÉÀÌ À§Ä¡Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã¾ß°¡ ÀÌ°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹þ¾î³ª¾ß ÇÑ´Ù!
¾ß±×(ÀÌÆ®¸®¾ö ¾ó·ç¸Ó³Ñ °¡´Ö)°ú GGG(°³µé¸®´Ï¾ö °¶¸®¾ö °¡´Ö)°ú °°Àº ÀÎÁ¶
¼®·ù¼®µé°ú ÇÕ¼º ±ÝÈ«¼®°ú ½ºÆ®·ÐƼ¿ò ŸÀÌÆ®³×ÀÌÆ®¿Í °°Àº Àç·áµéÀº
´ÙÀ̾î¸Õµå À¯»çµé¿¡¼ Å¥ºò ÀúÄڴϾƸ¦ ¾Õ¼°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±× ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ À־Â
±×´ÙÁö ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ ±× ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ¼èÅðÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |